Buying A Video Camera: Can We Trust The Experts? (Sanyo Xacti FH1 vs Canon Vixia HF series)

How do you make the right decision about a product you know little about?

• Hot water heaters: tank or tankless? Capacity?
• Video cameras: flash or hard drive or tape? HD or SD? Which specs matter?

Would you rather have Hyundai or Honda, Magasonic or Panasonic, Samsung or Sony? These days, brands mean less because so much manufacturing is outsourced. Think of electronics and clothing. You’ll find many internal similarities among products. The Innovator's Dilemma describes four stages in product evolution: our focus shifts from functionality to reliability to convenience to price.

We've been looking for a video camera. We don't know much about them and wanted to make the “right” choice. We got our last one 15 years ago ─ a $1,300 Sony Hi-8mm that broke down within two years. Do video cameras now work well enough that brands are interchangeable? And do they work sell enough that they don’t break down as quickly?
Online reviews gush over the Sanyo Xacti VPC-FH1 for true high definition (1080p at 60 frames per second vs 1080i at 30 fps), eight megapixel stills, great lowlight resolution, and a reasonable price.
You’ll find plenty of information online but the choices get confusing when looking for a compact, convenient video camera. For under $300 dollars, you can get a Flip Minio or Ultra with HD. For $600, you can get better quality and more capabilities. For $900, you get even more. How much is enough?

The Camera Store
I rarely go to stores but I wanted to see the video camera before buying. I checked online and found a retail store to visit. It took 10 minutes before a sales rep was available. I asked to see the Sanyo FH1, which was hidden away, not on display. The rep recommended Canon: better optics, longer history, optical image stabilization and a 24 Mbps capture rate (Sony and Panasonic max out at 17 Mbps). Apparently, a higher capture rate means smoother recordings.

The rep implied that Sanyo warranted no further discussion. Surprisingly, he couldn't answer basic questions about the Canon

• what resolution are still photographs? (a mere 3 megapixels ─ worse than a cheap digital camera)
• can the output be saved directly to MP4 H.264? (I was told yes but the answer is no)
• how do you edit AVCHD the format Canon uses? (Not easily ... time-consuming ... benefits from specialized commercial software)

The rep didn't know about a special Canon bundle with a battery and case until I showed him the store flyer he gave me. Strangely, this case has no room for the battery. Style over substance. The case for our ancient Sony kept falling over, whether empty of full. Can a company that can’t make a good case really make a good camera?

Let’s look at prices. The Sanyo FH1 costs $630 Canadian. The Canon Vixia HF200 costs $750. The rep recommended the $900 Canon Vixia HF20 which includes 32 GB of memory. The other models came without memory. Naturally, I was encouraged to get a pricey extended warranty. The costs kept adding up.

I left the store more confused than when I entered. Canon seemed choice but I didn’t want to spend that much.

More Research
I did more research online and found the Sanyo FH1 even performed better than Canon’s 2009 top-of-line Vixia HF10. Reviews identified two main drawbacks in the FH1: electronic image stabilization (which is less apparently less effective than optical image stabilization) and the lens cap is not built-in. There was excellent information at camcorderinfo.com and thoughtful comments ─ 53 pages worth.

I decided to buy the FH1. Sanyo Canada sets the list price at $600. The retailer I visited charges $630. Who would pay more than list? Dell charges $600 but had a sale price of $550.

I felt some obligation to reward the personal service at the retailer I visited (not sure why). They have a price match guarantee but exclude Dell. Why? Dell has no physical stores and has a different price structure. This was irrelevant to me. This retailer sells online too and probably sells more cameras than Dell. I ordered from Dell, saved $80 and got free delivery two days later.

Canon, Panasonic and Sony
At this time, neither Canon, Panasonic nor Sony sell a HD video camera with 1080p resolution for under $1,000 (if at all). The best they do is 1080i (which has hard-on-the-eyes interlacing). Remember the flicker you saw on cheap computer monitors with picture tubes years ago? That's interlacing. These companies save files to AVHCD format which is inconvenient for novices and requires additional software to edit.

Better specifications don't translate into better performance. Canon’s 24Mbps capture rate doesn’t lead to better results than the 16-17 Mbps used by Sony and Panasonic. Yet the rep gave that as the reason to pick Canon.

Some specifications mislead and confuse. You’ll find capture rates in Mbps (megabits per second) and the speed of memory cards in MBps (megabytes per second). One byte is eight bits. You’ll see manufacturers claim they have “1920x1080 Full HD Recording” without telling you this resolution uses interlacing and is only 30 frames per second. Sneaky.

Sanyo is hardly perfect. They are delaying sales of the pistol grip Xacti HD2000 in North America until they clear out inventory of the old HD1010. The FH1 deliberately has no jack for an external microphone but costs $100 less.

The Shopping Experience
When buying, consider nontraditional sources like Dell and Amazon ... it's your money. You can buy without going to a store unless you're tactile or have special issues that require a physical inspection (e.g., difficulty moving certain fingers).

Even if you buy in store, you won’t find the perfect product. We’re demanding but we adapt.
Visiting stores chews up time. It's difficult to try products. You're pressured to buy extended warranties. Selection is limited. Items may be out of stock. The service is inconsistent.

Shopping online is different. You can waste lots of time doing research. You can't try the products but you can find out what others think. There’s no pressure to buy extended warranties. You’re more likely to find items in stock and you have access to a much larger selection.

Lessons Learned
The experience of buying a video camera shows that the masses know more than a speciality retailer. I was sceptical before. What’s more, the masses have your best interests at heart. They aren’t taking money out of your pocket. Professional reviews help, but reader comments from around the globe can provide even deeper insights.

Links

• Review of Sanyo VPC-HD2000 [similar to the FH1; many helpful reader comments] (camcorderinfo.com)
• Review of Sanyo VPC-FH1 (Amazon.com)
• Hot Water Heaters: Tanks or Tankless (Ellen Roseman)
• photo courtesy of Goran Anicic

Podcast Episode 27 (10:20)

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Popularity Contest: The “best” Money Blogs

The delicate balance between modesty and conceit is popularity.
--- Max Beerbohm

Anyone who is popular is bound to be disliked.
--- Yogi Berra

The Globe and Mail has been running a contest to pick what they call the best of the money blogs. Selected prominent financial experts (including Canadian Capitalist) picked their favourites. That's great. We save time when people we trust make recommendations for us.

Consensus is difficult to reach. We can't even agree on tea (black or green?) or the way to prepare it (boil the milk and teabag with the water or add them later?).

There are few cases in which mere popularity should be considered a proper test of merit. --- Edgar Allan Poe

What is “best”? Best is subjective. Best is meaning less (meaningless?) since we are so diverse and have access to so much. We’re fickle too. I really like Thicken My Wallet but haven’t read in weeks because I’m not notified of new posts via Twitter. With so many pulls on our attention, we easily forget.

Asking For Votes

Focus on the user and all else will follow

--- among the 10 things Google has found to be true

Some Twitter users ask followers to retweet their posts. As if we’re too dumb to realize we can do that. Some non-nominees feel they should have been included in the contest. Some nominees are asking their readers to vote for them. Just like politicians. Surveys of trust, ethics and honesty repeatedly put politicians near the bottom. Why emulate them?

There’s a subtler way: tell readers there’s a great list of blogs for them to sample. This puts your audience's interests in the forefront. When they view the list, they’ll see the option to vote. Without pressure.

Yes, you can ask directly for what you want. That’s not the only way or the best way. Readers are volunteers. They willing volunteer their scarce attention. They’d willingly volunteer their votes. Without being asked directly.

Best In The World

If you want to be the best, why not be the best in the world? You can. Seth Godin describes the why and how in The Dip, which I re-read this week and continue to highly recommend.

Back to the contest. Congratulations to the winners and nominees!

Links

• The Best of the Money Blogs (Globe Investor)
• Thoughts on The Dip by Seth Godin
• photo courtesy of Robert Aichinger

Podcast Episode 26 (3:36)

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The Effect of Banks Selling You Insurance Online

Rules that restrict a consumer's ability to access information about insurance don't make sense, and it's certainly not in the consumer's interest to try to put new roadblocks in place. --- Canadian Bankers Association, June 2009

Isn't it nice to know the bankers are looking out for you?

The Canadian Bank Act prohibits the sales or marketing of insurance in branches. Naturally, independent advisors like this but banks don't. Now banks can sell insurance online because a website is technically not a branch. That's great news for banks because most Canadians already bank online --- 53% in 2008.

Let's look at what banks are likely to do online and the effect on you.

What Would Banks Sell?

Banks can now integrate links to their insurance offerings into their main bank websites. That's gold. This is much like Microsoft making Internet Explorer the default web browser in Windows. You could still install other browsers but most users didn't bother. The arguably superior Netscape Navigator browser eventually got destroyed. In a similar way, the banks will get lots of insurance traffic.

What would you buy online? Probably simpler products that don't require the expertise of an advisor. Perhaps term life insurance. If you have questions, you could probably phone a call centre to get answers.

For tax planning with insurance, you probably want to meet a qualified advisor in person. However, you may want to do some research online. You won't find much. Perhaps the banks will help here.

As we've seen in the past, banks dominate and take over entire sectors. Remember the days of separate trust companies and stock brokerages? Some banks now own insurance companies too. The sun continues to rise.

Who Suffers?

Independent advisors face the biggest challenges. Research routinely shows that families are underinsured. Independent advisors have difficulty reaching them. Insurance sales are labour-intensive, which encourages advisors to focus on larger cases and more expensive types of insurance which pay higher compensation. This is not meant as a criticism, but a reflection of economic reality.

Banks argue that they could help the underinsured if only they could sell insurance in their branches. After all, who doesn't have an account with a bank? Banks have systems and procedures to handle small, low revenue transactions like selling GICs. If you want to invest $1,000, an independent advisor would spend more in time and gas than they could earn. You might prefer to transact online because your time is also valuable. That's where large organizations have a huge advantage.

Big Deal?

Banks already sell insurance through subsidiaries conveniently located near their branches. If you invest with a bank-owned stock brokerage (e.g., BMO Nesbitt Burns, CIBC Wood Gundy, RBC Dominion Securities, ScotiaMcLeod, TD Waterhouse), you may already have been approached. I help insurance specialists at these firms as well as independent advisors every day.

Do You Win?

As a consumer, you probably win as the insurance companies and independent advisors react. You may have concerns about your privacy and how the bank uses information about your health, though. You may feel pressured to buy insurance as an implied condition or getting a mortgage, say. Don't count on lower prices. Banks are better at making money for their shareholders than saving money for their customers. Aren't most businesses like that?

Perhaps insurers will help advisors create meaningful websites to give you online alternatives. Maybe more advisors will --- alone or as part of teams --- build useful websites and send you meaningful emails. Here "meaningful" means genuinely helping you in a non-self-serving way. There's too much fluff that teases but doesn't help: you are asked to contact the advisor without knowing enough to gauge whether you think they can help you.

I'm currently running a four part series to help advisors implement eNewsletter campaigns that genuinely help you and comply with anti-spam laws.

When insurance and banks are mentioned in the same sentence, opinions vary. You can get different perspectives from the links below. Your comments are welcome.

Links

• Bank websites may sell insurance (Globe & Mail, June 10, 2009)
• Bank websites can sell insurance (Canadian Insurance, June 9, 2009)
• Video: Insurance Turf Wars (BNN, June 12, 2009)
• Why aren't more advisors online?
• Don't buy insurance from banks (Ellen Roseman, April 2009)

Podcast Episode 25 (5:43)

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How "Do Not Spam" Laws Help and Hurt You

There are people who would like to get rid of minimum wage. But we have to have it, because if we didn't some people would not get paid money. They would work all week for two loaves of bread and some Spam. --- Chris Rock

We don't want to be paid in Spam (canned, spiced ham) or pained by spam (emails we didn't agree to receive).

Canada is the lone G8 country without anti-spam legislation, and in 2007, was ranked number six in a list of top 10 worst countries for originating spam.
--- Canadian Lawyer

In 2008, Canada ranked #4 on the Spam by Originating Country list, according to Cisco. Spauhaus, a nonprofit that tracks spam, doesn't include Canada in the top 10. The United States "wins" in each survey.

Better To Give Than Receive

Let's not quibble over which country spews the most spam. Let's turn to us, the recipients. We can take precautions by using anti-spam filters and email services that weed that garbage out. Gmail and Kaspersky Internet Security work well for me.

Like the Do Not Call lists which prevent unsolicited phone calls, Do Not Email rules are a great idea. Some argue that honest small businesses can get hurt inadvertently. How?

Let's look at an example. Financial advisors who serve you well are already send you timely, meaningful email. They have your permission and won't be affected by the new rules. In practice, very few independent advisors send out email or newsletters, which creates opportunities for their larger competitors.

If you can't be contacted directly, advisors might to advertise to you or attract you in other ways. Ads in old-world media --- tv, radio, newspaper, flyers, billboards --- aren't targeted and get lost in the clutter. Money gets wasted as the wrong people get interrupted.

Targeted online advertising can work well. Think of Google Adwords. You get unobtrusive ads related to what you're seeking at exactly the right millisecond. Nice. Unless you use adblockers like the free Adblock Plus for FireFox. Then you're on your own Do Not Advertise list.

A Better Way

There's an even better way. Advisors can create quality content. Say you want to know what Warren Buffett thinks about buying term life insurance. Type in "warren buffett term insurance" in Google, Bing or Yahoo. You'll get links to my 2007 post that currently ranks higher than BBC News, Bloomberg, CNBC, Marketwatch.com, Wikipedia and even Berkshire Hathaway (where I pulled Warren's profound quote).

Discovery trumps advertising any day. Discovery is free. Any advisor can make themselves easy to find. Advisors then switch from annoying pest to welcome guest.

Why Aren't More Advisors Online?

Books are the last bastion of the old business model—the only major medium that still hasn't embraced the digital age. Publishers and author advocates have generally refused to put books online for fear the content will be Napsterized. --- Clive Thompson, Wired 17.06

We go online for information, but meaningful objective financial information can be difficult to find and hard to understand (especially for the life insurance strategies the wealthy use).

Advisors are reluctant to put meaningful information online. They're afraid that competitors would steal their best ideas. In contrast, authors and bloggers share their best to get read. Recently, Darren Rowse posted 31 Days To Build A Better Blog day by day for free at Problogger. Then he started selling a nicely formatted, expanded ebook, which some (like me) bought for the convenience.

The mystique that advisors create works against them because you can't gauge the quality of what they offer without getting personally involved --- a big commitment of your time and a loss of privacy.

Not all unsolicited email is bad. You lose when something valuable doesn't get through. Do Not Spam laws will protect your privacy. What's next? How about saving trees with Do Not Junk Mail rules?

Links

• Annoying Pest or Welcome Guest? The Do Not Call List
• Future of Reading in a Digital World (Clive Thompson, Wired 17.06)
• Canada introduces anti-spam legislation (Canadian Lawyer, June 1, 2009)
• Official Q&A for Anti-Spam Legislation Q&A (Industry Canada)
• Industry braces for "do not email" legislation (advisor.ca, June 19, 2009)
• The 10 Worse Spam Origin Countries (spamhaus.org, updated daily)
• Cisco Spam by Originating Country in 2008 (marketingcharts.com)

Podcast (5:48)

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The Three Major Obstacles to Growth according to Brian Tracy

The more you learn, the more you can learn.
—  Brian Tracy

And the more you can earn.

Brian Tracy spoke live in Toronto at a private fundraiser this week. My son Jeevan wanted to attend and so did I. We talked to Brian briefly afterwards. I thanked him for teaching me about affirmations in the early 1990s in The Phoenix Seminar.

If you've seen Brian live, you know how entertaining he is. A spoonful of humour helps the lessons go down. Brian dishes out spoon after spoon, lesson after lesson.

Brian identified three major obstacles to growth

1. the comfort zone
2. learned helplessness
3. the path of least resistance

Naturally, he shared solutions too.

The Comfort Zone

Did you exchange a walk-on part in the war for a lead role in a cage?

—  Pink Floyd, Wish You Were Here

Getting into our comfort zone is much like sliding into a warm bath. Soooo tempting. So difficult to leave. How much time do we spend on Entertainment vs Education? For many, that's not pleasant to contemplate. I see many people who aren't more capable now than last year, five years ago or 10 years back. So much wasted potential.

How much do we spend on our mobile phones and cable/satellite tv? Probably much more than on educational material. Ignoring the cost, consider the time spent. This can be scary.

Move out of your comfort zone. You can only grow if you are willing to feel awkward and uncomfortable when you try something new. —  Brian Tracy

We can escape the gravitational lure of our comfort zone by having a Big Hairy Audacious Goal (BHAG). This phrase was coined by Jim Collins and Jerry Porras (authors of the classic Built To Last). Here are examples from Wikipedia.

Learned Helplessness

I think I can. I think I can. I think I can. I know I can.
— The Little Engine That Could

If you say "I can't", you're thinking like a victim. You're giving up internally. You're not betting on yourself. In this phase, we tend to surround ourselves by other losers. The joy of shared misery.

There are lots of examples. A baby elephant tethered to a pole tries to break free but can't. An adult elephant can escape but doesn't try.

thanks, for the trouble you took from her eyes
I thought it was there for good so I never tried.

--- Leonard Cohen

Sometimes we need help to escape from our chains. We might even have the key, but didn't know.

The Path of Least Resistance

Water takes the easiest route. Like water, we're lazy too. Unfortunately, what's valuable doesn't come easily.

We can break the habit of laziness through repetition of something worthwhile. Good habits take as much effort to acquire as the bad ones. Brian reminded us that we all work on commission: we're paid in proportion to our results. We want to add more value.

Brian was also promoting iLearningGlobal.tv (iLG) a website offering videos, audio and ebooks on a monthly subscription. There's also an affiliate program if you're looking for ways to make more money. Thankfully, there were no demonstrations or pressure to join. This made us more interested but we left without making a firm decision.

Brian Tracy is well worth seeing live. You'll laugh. You'll learn.

Links

• event details (meetup.com)
• official website (briantracy.com)
• Brian Tracy quotations (sparkinsight.com)
• Learning from Brian Tracy Live (May 2007)
• Why do Brian Tracy and Stephen Covey use Overhead Transparencies? (marketingactuary.com)

Podcast (5:03)

 

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"The Snowball" rolls into Warren Buffett

How much do you know about Warren Buffett's life? My family knew primarily of his staggering wealth. We knew little about his older business partner, Charlie Munger, or Astrid, the companion his wife Susie found for him.

In The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life, Alice Schroeder paints a captivating, detailed portrait of the man and key people in his life. The audiobook read by Kirsten Potter runs 37 hours and took three months to finish. This extended listening enhanced the experience and made Warren feel like a part of our lives.

Biographies provide valuable insights into interesting lives. Warren authorized this one and participated. Does that mean the whole story is rosy? No. If there were two conflicting views of a happening, he asked that the less flattering version be used. Alice reveals many blemishes in her quest to help us understand him.

Much of Warren's appeal comes from his wealth. As a person, he's unusual. He brought Moody's manuals on his honeymoon. He doesn't eat a balanced diet and doesn't like to try new food. He neglected his family. He doesn't live a lavish life.

He made investment mistakes over the years. For example, he bought shares in waning textile company Berkshire Hathaway and had an agreement to sell them for $11.50. When the deal got changed to $11.375, he bought the company in retaliation and to his detriment.

Born At An Early Age

Warren focused on making money during childhood. At age 6, he started selling chewing gum. He got inspired by a book called A Thousand Ways To Make $1,000. That's $1,000,000. While in high school, he earned more than his teachers by delivering newspapers. He understood that a dollar today multiplies over the years through the magic of compound interest. This made him reluctant to spend. This made him reluctant to donate until his death, since he wanted to leave a larger sum.

Warren recognized the role luck played. He knew his life would have been very different if he were born at another time or in another country. He wanted to help others who were not as lucky at the Ovarian Lottery. He preferred giving advice over money.

Warren improved over the years. He made the world better for small investors. He supported Main St over Wall St. His actions encouraged better corporate governance. He stuck to his principles for decades.

Legacy

Warren helped make the world better. What more can you ask? He's changed the world of philanthropy. He doesn't want his name on buildings or scholarships the way many others do. He's happy to donate to The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation with the stipulation that his annual contributions be spent that year.

The Snowball won't make you a billionaire but you will be richer. Highly recommended (especially the unabridged audiobook).

Links

• Warren Buffett's Tough Career Choice: Actuary or Billionaire?
  
• A Thousand Ways To Make $1,000 (Motley Fool)
• How Warren Buffett Made His First Dime (Parade, Alice Schroeder)
• Does Warren Buffett "Buy Term and Invest the Difference"? (most read post of 2008)
• Does billionaire Seymour Schulich help you "Get Smarter"?
• Richard Branson: When Your Servant is Your Master

Podcast (13:04)

Bonus: includes interviews with Jeevan and Sharmila, who also listened to the full 37 hour audiobook.

direct MP3 download | Internet Archive page

Tips to Bulletproof Your Job (inspired by Stephen Viscusi)

Work is a popularity contest, and the harsh truth is that when jobs are being cut, the guy who keeps his job is the one the boss likes best. --- Stephen Viscusi

You'll find lots of job advice these days. Earlier, we looked at three recommendations from the Harvard Business Review. Today we're looking at Bulletproof Your Job, a new book by Stephen Viscusi. Catchy title. Nice cover. No government funding. And the dust jacket states the four simple rules in eight big, bold words:

1. be visible
   
2. be easy
   
3. be useful
   
4. be ready
   

You'll find many good ideas. The table of contents does not show the full list of 50, which is annoying. The book is blunt. Some actions help you get ahead at the expense of others. 

Bulletproof Your Job is current enough to mention LinkedIn and Facebook but not Twitter. The content helps you in any economy but has the most appeal during a downturn. You'll benefit most if you work in a corporate environment. You'll get value in other situations too, including sales.

Rather than repeating points from the book, I'll share thoughts on the four suggestions from my real world experience. 

Be Visible

Q: Why do men prefer beautiful women over brainy women?
A: Because men see better than they think.

--- Unknown

Familiarity is your powerful ally in building relationships. If you can't see your boss regularly due to travel or location, stay visible by phone and email. This is not the same as meeting in person but much better than fading from memory. When you do more than your clients and colleagues expect, they are more likely to mention you to your superiors.

You also want to be on the radar of people outside your company. Create, complete and update your profile on LinkedIn. Associate with people who have the potential to hire you or recommend you to people who can hire you. You want to do this now not when you're looking for a job.

Be Easy

Maybe in some other lifetime you won't fit.
And if you don't fit, you're fit for nothing at all.
--- Joe Jackson

Back in 1984, when I graduated from the University of Western Ontario, the job market stunk even for actuarial students. Of the 17 graduates, only four found jobs. Three of us had the top grades. The fourth had average grades but looked good, was very likable and the only one with a BMW. Over the years, he had difficulty passing the 10 actuarial exams and disappeared. Neither likability nor technical skills are sufficient on their own.

Some workers are a hassle to have around but not enough of a pain to dismiss. During a downsizing, they go first. The displaced are miffed to see others who seem less capable (to them) survive. Attitude and likability matter that much.

After a downsizing, fewer remain. So there's less tolerance for keeping annoying or negative employees. You don't want to travel with someone who keeps asking "are we there yet?" It's easier to get rid of the squeaky wheel than to keep applying oil.

Be Useful

How can I be useful, of what service can I be?
There is something inside me, what can it be?
--- Vincent van Gogh

See how far you get by being useless. Some employees have a strong sense of what their job entails. They rebel when you ask them to do something necessary but outside their job description. Say photocopying, testing software or answering the phone. Ask them to learn something new and they are reluctant.  Ask them to change how they do something and they're reluctant. These people find themselves on the short list when staff reductions are imminent. They don't understand when notified that their services are no longer required. How can they get booted out? After all, they were doing their job.

Be Ready

Most people have the will to win,
few have the will to prepare to win.
--- Bobby Knight

Remember Y2K when the whole world seemed ready to collapse? Did you stock up on cash, bottled water, food and batteries? That's being prepared.

In a work environment, you prepare yourself for emergencies by setting aside savings or having a secured line of credit. You can prepare for opportunities by improving your skills: strengthening your weaknesses and learning totally new things. You demonstrate what you know when you help others

An Easy Start
Here's an easy way to get started: social media. As an experiment, build a following on Twitter. Blogging is even better but takes more work. You can even be anonymous if you're insecure.

If you're willing to use your real name, add value on LinkedIn. Answer questions in your areas of expertise. Join relevant groups. As you practice, you'll have a higher profile, be easier to deal with, more useful to others and better prepared for whatever comes.

Links

• official website (bulletproofyourjob.com)
• Employable: Three Lessons from a Popcorn Farm
• Losing Your Livelihood: Insuring Against The Risk (based on the Harvard Business Review)
• Should you switch to an actuarial career?

Podcast (6:43)

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